HPLC is analytical technique to separate, identify, and quantify molecules in a mixture. Dissolved components are pumped into a packed column where they are separated from each other due to their different degrees of interaction with the packing material. HPLC-UV/MS can be used for the detection and quantification of organic contaminants in water.

Titration is an analytical technique that allows the quantitative determination of a specific substance (analyte) dissolved in a sample. This technique is based on a complete chemical reaction between the analyte and a reagent (titrant) of known concentration, added to the sample.

ICP-MS allows measuring elements at trace levels. Dissolved sample is introduced into an argon plasma where the molecules are dissociates and further ionized. Singly-charged ions thus formed are directed into the mass spectrometer. A special application of ICP-MS (spICP-MS) allows measuring size and number concentration of a particle suspension.